Holly American Holly
=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations
in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water.
Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's Manual, sixth edition, in
various botanical works, but no station is known; New Hampshire and
Vermont,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--occasional from Quincy
southward upon the mainland and the island of Naushon; rare in the peat
Compton and sparingly found upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in
Narragansett bay; Connecticut,--mostly restricted to the southwestern
sections.
Southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
eastern Texas.
=Habit.=--A shrub or small tree, exceptionally reaching a height of 30
feet, with a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches, but attaining larger
proportions south and west; head conical or dome-shaped, compact;
branches irregular, mostly horizontal, clothed with a spiny evergreen
foliage. The fertile trees are readily distinguished through late fall
and early winter by the conspicuous red berries.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk thick, smooth on young trees, roughish, dotted on
old, of a nearly uniform ash-gray on trunk and branches; the young
shoots more or less downy, bright greenish-yellow, becoming smooth and
grayish at the end of the season.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds short, roundish, generally obtuse,
scales minutely ciliate. Leaves evergreen, simple, alternate, 2-4 inches
long, 1-1/2-3 inches wide, flat when compared with those of the European
holly, thickish, smooth on both sides, yellowish-green, scarcely glossy
on the upper surface, paler beneath, elliptical, oval or oval-oblong;
apex acutish, spine-tipped; base acutish or obtuse; margin wavy and
concave between the large spiny teeth, sometimes with one or two teeth
or entire; midrib prominent beneath; leafstalks short, grooved; stipules
minute, awl-shaped, becoming blackish, persistent.
=Inflorescence.=--Flowers in June along the base of the season's shoots;
sterile and fertile flowers usually on separate trees,--the sterile in
loose, few-flowered clusters, the fertile mostly solitary; peduncles and
pedicels slender, bracted midway; calyx persistent, with 4 pointed,
ciliate teeth; corolla white, monopetalous, with 4 roundish, oblong
divisions; stamens 4, alternating with and shorter than the lobes of the
corolla in the fertile flowers, but longer in the sterile; ovary green,
nearly cylindrical, surmounted by the sessile, 4-lobed stigma. Parts of
the flower sometimes in fives or sixes.
=Fruit.=--A dull red, berry-like drupe, with 4 nutlets, ribbed or
grooved on the convex back, ripening late, and persistent into winter. A
yellow-fruited form reported at New Bedford, Mass. (Rhodora, III, 58).
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy in southern New England; though preferring
moist, gravelly loam, it does fairly well in dry soil; of slow growth;
useful to form low plantation in shade and to enrich the undergrowth of
woods; occasionally sold by collectors but rare in nurseries; nursery
plants must be frequently transplanted to be moved successfully; only a
small percentage of ordinary collected plants live. The seed seldom
germinates in less than two years.
=Notes.=--The cultivated European holly, which the American tree closely
resembles, may be distinguished by its deeper green, glossier, and more
wave-margined leaves and the deeper red of its berries.
There are several fine specimens of the Ilex opaca on the farm of
Col. Minot Thayer in Braintree, Mass., which are about a foot in
diameter a yard above the ground and 25 feet in height. They have
maintained their present dimensions for more than fifty years.--D. T.
Browne's Trees of North America, published in 1846.
This estate is now owned by Mr. Thomas A. Watson. Several of these
trees have been cut down, but one of them is still standing and of
substantially the dimensions given above. It must have reached the limit
of growth a hundred years ago and now shows very evident signs of
decrepitude. This may be due, however, to the loss of a square foot or
more of bark from the trunk.
1. Branch with staminate flowers.
2. Staminate flower.
3. Pistillate flower.
4. Fruiting branch.
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Betulaceae Birch Family
=Ostrya Virginica, Willd.= Ostrya Virginiana, Willd. ... Bitternut Swamp Hickory
=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low, damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and hill slopes. From Montreal west to Georgian bay. Maine,--southward, rare; New Hampshire,--easte... Black Ash Swamp Ash Basket Ash Hoop Ash Brown Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps. Anticosti through Ontario. Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--more common in central and western sections; Rhode Islan... Black Birch Cherry Birch Sweet Birch
=Habitat and Range.=--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile hill-slopes, banks of rivers. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region. Maine,--frequent; New Hampshire,--in the highlands of the southern section, and ... Black Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp ground on which, in New England at least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky slopes. Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario. The New England specimens, wit... Black Oak Yellow Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges. Southern and western Ontario. Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--valley of the lower Merrimac and eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four... Black Oaks
Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat; stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year. =Quercus alba, L.= ... Black Spruce Swamp Spruce Double Spruce Water Spruce
=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds, wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands and mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky mo... Black Walnut
=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--not reported native; Massachusetts,--rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode Island,--doubtf... Black Willow
=Habitat and Range.=--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river flats. New Brunswick to western Ontario. New England,--occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,... Box Elder Ash-leaved Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of swamps. Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55 deg. north latitude. Maine,... Bur Oak Over-cup Oak Mossy-cup Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich soil; river valleys. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of the white oak, nor covering as large areas. Maine,--known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono) and ... Butternut Oilnut Lemon Walnut
=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile, moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes. New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario. Maine,--common, often abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the Connecti... Buttonwood Sycamore Buttonball Plane Tree
=Habitat and Range.=--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods. Ontario. Maine,--apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole; Vermont,--scattering... Canoe Birch White Birch Paper Birch
=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes. Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to the limit of deciduous trees. Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--in all sections, most common on hi... Chestnut
=Habitat and Range.=--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky woods, and hillsides. Ontario,--common. Maine,--southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44 deg. 20'; New Hampshire,--Connecticut valley near the river... Chestnut Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms. Ontario. Vermont,--Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle); Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation in the neighborhood of ... Chestnut Oak Rock Chestnut Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes. Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Maine,--Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York county); New Hampshire,--belts or patches in the eastern part of the state ... Chokecherry
=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils; along river banks, on dry plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets. From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the Mackenzie river as 62 deg.. Common throughout New Engl... Clammy Locust
This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at many points throughout New England. Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina, ... Cockspur Thorn
Rich soils, edge of swamps. Quebec to Manitoba. Found sparingly in western Vermont (Flora of Vermont, 1900); southern Connecticut (C. H. Bissell). South to Georgia; west to Iowa. A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches... Cork Elm Rock Elm
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks. Quebec through Ontario. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal (R... Cottonwood Poplar
=Habitat and Range.=--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of lakes, not uncommon in drier locations. Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--restricted to the immedia... Crack Willow Brittle Willow
=Habitat and Range.=--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated; introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making, and planted at a very early date in m... Crataegus
A revision of genus Crataegus has long been a desideratum with botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed to note more carefully the limits of variation... Cupressaceae
THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS. Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older plants; flo... Dogwood Poison Sumac Poison Elder
=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist slopes of hills. Infrequent in Ontario. Maine,--local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,--i... Drupaceae Plum Family
Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate, mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one to several glands; flowers in umbe... Elm American Elm White Elm
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich intervales. From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54 deg. 30'. Maine,--common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New Hampshire,--common from the ... European Alder
This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward, growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally escaping from cultivation; sometimes tho... Fagaceae Beech Family
=Fagus ferruginea, Ait.= Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw. ... Fir Balsam Balsam Fir
=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great Bear Lake region. Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white pine, ... Flowering Dogwood Boxwood
=Habitat and Range.=--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly ridges. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine,--Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,--along the Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther... Green Ash
River valleys and wet woods. Ontario to Saskatchewan. Maine,--common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor; Vermont,--along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,--... Hackberry Nettle Tree Hoop Ash Sugar Berry
=Habitat and Range.=--In divers situations and soils; woods, river banks, near salt marshes. Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the Connecticut valley, as far as Wells... Hemlock
=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines, mountain slopes. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario. Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central portions, becoming rare ... Holly American Holly
=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water. Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's Manual, sixth edition, in various botanical works, but no station is k... Honey Locust Three-thorned Acacia
=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing in a variety of soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains. Southern Ontario. Maine,--young trees in the southern sections said to have been produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fer... Hop Hornbeam Ironwood Leverwood
=Habitat and Range.=--In rather open woods and along highlands. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Common in all parts of New England. Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi, ranging through western Minnesota... Hornbeam Blue Beech Ironwood Water Beech
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps. Province of Quebec to Georgian bay. Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian ... Juglandaceae Walnut Family
=Juglans cinerea, L.= ... Leguminosae Pulse Family
=Gleditsia triacanthos, L.= ... Locust
=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing upon mountain slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils. Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine,--thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New Hampshire,-... Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family
=Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.= TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR. =Habitat and Range.=--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil. Vermont,--valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the state; Massachusetts,--frequent in the Connecticut ... Mazard Cherry
Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pub... Mockernut White-heart Hickory Walnut
Habitat and Range.--In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain slopes. Niagara peninsula and westward. Maine and Vermont,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the coast; Massachusetts,--rather common eastward; Rhode Isla... Mountain Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains. Newfoundland to Manitoba. Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--common along the watersheds of the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White mountains; Ve... Mountain Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of rivers and ponds, often associated with P. Americana, but climbing higher up the mountains. From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then northward along the... Mountain Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet. From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Maine,--common, especially northward in the forests; New Hamps... Mulberry
=Habitat and Range.=--Banks of rivers, rich woods. Canadian shore of Lake Erie. A rare tree in New England. Maine,--doubtfully reported; New Hampshire,--Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews); Vermont,--northern extremity of Lake ... Pear Tree
The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and shrubby in a wild state. =Pyrus Malus, L.= Malus Malus, Britton. ... Persimmon
=Habitat and Range.=--Rhode Island,--occasional but doubtfully native; Connecticut,--at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred ... Pignut White Hickory
=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, dry hills, and uplands. Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie. Maine,--frequent in the southern corner of York county; New Hampshire,--common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley; abundant on hil... Pin Oak Swamp Oak Water Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river banks, islets in swamps. Ontario. Northern New England,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--Amherst (Stone, Bull. Torrey Club, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, Amherst Trees)... Pinoideae Pine Family Conifers
ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE. Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like; stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary represented by... Pinus
The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous sheath which encloses the secondary or fol... Pitch Pine Hard Pine
=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in swamps. New Brunswick to Lake Ontario. Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, Rhod... Pomaceae Apple Family
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple or pinnate, mostly alternate, with stipules free from the leafstalk and usually soon falling; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed; calyx-tube adnate to ovary; petals 5, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx-... Poplar Aspen
=Habitat and Range.=--In all soils and situations except in deep swamps, though more usual in dry uplands; sometimes springing up in great abundance in clearings or upon burnt lands. Newfoundland, Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the Hudson bay r... Poplar Large-toothed Aspen
=Habitat and Range.=--In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders of streams. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario. New England,--common, occasional at altitudes of 2000 feet or more. South to Pennsylvania a... Poplar Swamp Poplar Cottonwood
=Habitat and Range.=--In or along swamps occasionally or often overflowed; rare, local, and erratically distributed. Connecticut,--frequent in the southern sections; Bozrah (J. N. Bishop); Guilford, in at least three wood-ponds (W. E. Dudley in li... Populus
Inflorescence usually appearing before the leaves; flowers with lacerate bracts, disk cup-shaped and oblique-edged, at least in sterile flowers; stamens usually many, filaments distinct; stigmas mostly divided, elongated or spreading. ... Pussy Willow Glaucous Willow
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet grounds; banks of streams, swamps, moist hillsides. Nova Scotia to Manitoba. Maine,--abundant; common throughout the other New England states. South to North Carolina; west to Illinois and Missouri. ... Red Birch River Birch
=Habitat and Range.=--Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a part of the year. Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada. No stations in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island, or Connecticut; New Hampshire,--found sparingly along str... Red Cedar Cedar Savin
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes, borders of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to Ontario. Maine,--rare, though it extends northward to the middle Kennebec valley... Red Maple Swamp Maple Soft Maple White Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--Borders of streams, low lands, wet forests, swamps, rocky hillsides. Nova Scotia to the Lake of the Woods. Common throughout New England from the sea to an altitude of 3000 feet on Katahdin. South to southern ... Red Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Growing impartially in a great variety of soils, but not on wet lands. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior. Maine,--common, at least south of the central portions; New Hampshire,--extending i... Red Pine Norway Pine
=Habitat and Range.=--In poor soils: sandy plains, dry woods. Newfoundland and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg. Maine,--common, plains, Brunswick (Cumberland county); woods, Bristol (... Red Spruce
=Habitat and Range.=--Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of mountains, not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps. Prince Edward island and Nova Scotia, along the valley of the St. Lawrence. Maine,--throughou... Rum Cherry Black Cherry
=Habitat and Range.=--In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places and rich woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Maine,--not reported north of Oldtown (Penobscot county); frequent throughout the other New England states. South ... Salicaceae Willow Family
Trees or shrubs; leaves simple, alternate, undivided, with stipules either minute and soon falling or leafy and persistent; inflorescence from axillary buds of the preceding season, appearing with or before the leaves, in nearly erect, spreading o... Salix
Inflorescence appearing with or before the leaves; flowers with entire bracts and one or two small glands; disks wanting; stamens few. =Populus tremuloides, Michx.= ...