Cork Elm Rock Elm
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks.
Quebec through Ontario.
Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden
and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal
(Robbins), Knowlton (Brainerd), Highgate (Eggleston); comparatively
abundant in Champlain valley and westward (T. H. Haskins, Garden and
Forest, V, 86);
Connecticut,--not reported native.
South to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska and Missouri.
=Habit.=--A large tree, scarcely inferior at its best to U. Americana,
50-75 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet; reaching in southern
Michigan a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet; trunk rather
slender; branches short and stout, often twiggy in the interior of the
tree; branchlets slender, spreading, sometimes with a drooping tendency;
head rather narrow, round-topped.
=Bark.=--Bark of trunk brownish-gray, in old trees irregularly separated
into deep, wide, flat-topped ridges; branches grayish-brown; leaf-scars
conspicuous; season's shoots light brown, more or less pubescent or
glabrous, oblong-dotted; branches and branchlets often marked lengthwise
with corky, wing-like ridges.
=Winter Buds and Leaves.=--Buds ovate to oblong, pointed, scales
downy-ciliate, pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, 3-4 inches long,
half as wide, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath; outline ovate,
doubly serrate (less sharp than the serratures in U. Americana); apex
acuminate; base inequilateral, produced and rounded on one side, acute
or slightly rounded on the other; veins straight; leafstalk short,
stout; stipules soon falling.
=Inflorescence.=--April to May. Appearing before the leaves from lateral
buds of the preceding season, in drooping racemes; calyx lobes 7-8,
broad-triangular, with rounded edges and a mostly obtuse apex: pedicels
thread-like, jointed; stamens 5-10, exserted, anthers purple, ovary
2-styled: stigmas recurved or spreading.
=Fruit.=--Samara ovate, broadly oval, or obovate, pubescent, margin
densely fringed, resembling fruit of U. Americana but somewhat larger.
=Horticultural Value.=--Hardy throughout New England; prefers a moist,
rich soil, in open situations; less variable in habit than the American
elm and a smaller tree with smaller foliage, scarcely varying enough to
justify its extensive use as a substitute. Not often obtainable in
nurseries, but readily transplanted, and easily propagated from the
seed.
1. Winter buds, at the time the flowers open.
2. Flowering branch.
3. Flower, side view.
4. Flower, side view, perianth and stamens partly removed.
5. Fruiting branch.
CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS, L.
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Red Cherry Pin Cherry Pigeon Cherry Bird Cherry
=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes, occasional in rather low grounds. From Labrador to the Rocky mountains, through British Columbia to the Coast Range. Throughout New England; very common in the nort... Abele White Poplar Silver-leaf Poplar
=Range.=--Widely distributed in the Old World, extending in Europe from southern Sweden to the Mediterranean, throughout northern Africa, and eastward in Asia to the northwestern Himalayas. Introduced from England by the early settlers and soon esta... Abietaceae
LARIX. PINUS. PICEA. TSUGA. ABIES. Buds scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years (except in Larix), scattered along the twigs, spirally arranged or tufted, linear, needle-shaped, or scale-like; sterile and fertile flowers separate... Ailanthus Tree-of-heaven Chinese Sumac
Sparsely and locally naturalized in southern Ontario, New England, and southward. A native of China; first introduced into the United States on an extensive scale in 1820 at Flushing, Long Island; afterwards disseminated by nursery plants and by ... Anacardiaceae Sumac Family
=Rhus typhina, L.= Rhus hirta, Sudw. ... Apple Tree
The common apple; introduced from Europe; a more or less frequent escape wherever extensively cultivated, like the pear showing a tendency in a wild state to reversion. =Amelanchier Canadensis, Medic.= ... Aquifoliaceae Holly Family
=Ilex opaca, Ait.= ... Arbor-vitae White Cedar Cedar
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and ponds. Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba. Maine,--throughout the state; most abundant in the central and northern portions, forming extensive areas known... Balm Of Gilead
=Habitat and Range.=--In a great variety of soils; usually in cultivated or pasture lands in the vicinity of dwellings; infrequently found in a wild state. The original site of this tree has not been definitely agreed upon. Professor L. H. Bailey re... Balsam Poplar Balm Of Gilead
=Habitat and Range.=--Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of swamps, woods. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to Manitoba; northward to the coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie river to the Arctic circle. Maine,--common; ... Basswood Linden Lime Whitewood
=Habitat and Range.=--In rich woods and loamy soils. Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg. Throughout New England, frequent from the seacoast to altitudes of 1000 feet; rare from 1000 to 2000 feet. South along the mou... Beech
=Habitat and Range.=--Moist, rocky soil. Nova Scotia through Quebec and Ontario. Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the state; common on the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters largely into the composition of the hardwood forests o... Betulaceae Birch Family
=Ostrya Virginica, Willd.= Ostrya Virginiana, Willd. ... Bitternut Swamp Hickory
=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low, damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands and hill slopes. From Montreal west to Georgian bay. Maine,--southward, rare; New Hampshire,--easte... Black Ash Swamp Ash Basket Ash Hoop Ash Brown Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps. Anticosti through Ontario. Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--south of the White mountains; Vermont,--common; Massachusetts,--more common in central and western sections; Rhode Islan... Black Birch Cherry Birch Sweet Birch
=Habitat and Range.=--Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile hill-slopes, banks of rivers. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to the Lake Superior region. Maine,--frequent; New Hampshire,--in the highlands of the southern section, and ... Black Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, damp ground on which, in New England at least, the sugar maple is rarely if ever seen, or upon moist, rocky slopes. Apparently a common tree from Ottawa westward throughout Ontario. The New England specimens, wit... Black Oak Yellow Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Poor soils; dry or gravelly uplands; rocky ridges. Southern and western Ontario. Maine,--York county; New Hampshire,--valley of the lower Merrimac and eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing within three or four... Black Oaks
Leaves with pointed or bristle-tipped lobes and teeth; cup-scales flat; stigmas on spreading styles; fruit maturing the second year. =Quercus alba, L.= ... Black Spruce Swamp Spruce Double Spruce Water Spruce
=Habitat and Range.=--Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds, wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry uplands and mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, westward beyond the Rocky mo... Black Walnut
=Habitat and Range.=--Rich woods. Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont,--not reported native; Massachusetts,--rare east of the Connecticut river, occasional along the western part of the Connecticut valley to the New York line; Rhode Island,--doubtf... Black Willow
=Habitat and Range.=--In low grounds, along streams or ponds, river flats. New Brunswick to western Ontario. New England,--occasional throughout, frequent along the larger streams. South to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,... Box Elder Ash-leaved Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--In deep, moist soil; river valleys and borders of swamps. Infrequent from eastern Ontario to Lake of the Woods; abundant from Manitoba westward to the Rocky mountains south of 55 deg. north latitude. Maine,... Bur Oak Over-cup Oak Mossy-cup Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich soil; river valleys. Nova Scotia to Manitoba, not attaining in this region the size of the white oak, nor covering as large areas. Maine,--known only in the valleys of the middle Penobscot (Orono) and ... Butternut Oilnut Lemon Walnut
=Habitat and Range.=--Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile, moist hillsides, high up on mountain slopes. New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and eastern Ontario. Maine,--common, often abundant; New Hampshire,--throughout the Connecti... Buttonwood Sycamore Buttonball Plane Tree
=Habitat and Range.=--Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods. Ontario. Maine,--apparently restricted to York county; New Hampshire,--Merrimac valley towards the coast; along the Connecticut as far as Walpole; Vermont,--scattering... Canoe Birch White Birch Paper Birch
=Habitat and Range.=--Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes. Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska, to the limit of deciduous trees. Maine,--abundant; New Hampshire,--in all sections, most common on hi... Chestnut
=Habitat and Range.=--In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky woods, and hillsides. Ontario,--common. Maine,--southern sections, probably not indigenous north of latitude 44 deg. 20'; New Hampshire,--Connecticut valley near the river... Chestnut Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry hillsides, limestone ridges, rich bottoms. Ontario. Vermont,--Gardner's island, Lake Champlain; Ferrisburg (Pringle); Connecticut,--frequent (J. N. Bishop, 1895); on the limestone formation in the neighborhood of ... Chestnut Oak Rock Chestnut Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, rocky banks, hill slopes. Along the Canadian shore of Lake Erie. Maine,--Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near the southern coast (York county); New Hampshire,--belts or patches in the eastern part of the state ... Chokecherry
=Habitat and Range.=--In varying soils; along river banks, on dry plains, in woods, common along walls, often thickets. From Newfoundland across the continent, as far north on the Mackenzie river as 62 deg.. Common throughout New Engl... Clammy Locust
This tree appears to be sparingly established in southern Canada and at many points throughout New England. Common in cultivation and occasionally established through the middle states; native from Virginia along the mountains of North Carolina, ... Cockspur Thorn
Rich soils, edge of swamps. Quebec to Manitoba. Found sparingly in western Vermont (Flora of Vermont, 1900); southern Connecticut (C. H. Bissell). South to Georgia; west to Iowa. A small tree, 10-25 feet in height and 6-12 inches... Cork Elm Rock Elm
=Habitat and Range.=--Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks. Quebec through Ontario. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--rare and extremely local; Meriden and one or two other places (Jessup); Vermont,--rare, Bennington, Pownal (R... Cottonwood Poplar
=Habitat and Range.=--In moist soil; river banks and basins, shores of lakes, not uncommon in drier locations. Throughout Quebec and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--restricted to the immedia... Crack Willow Brittle Willow
=Habitat and Range.=--In low land and along river banks. Indigenous in southwestern Asia, and in Europe where it is extensively cultivated; introduced into America probably from England for use in basket-making, and planted at a very early date in m... Crataegus
A revision of genus Crataegus has long been a desideratum with botanists. The present year has added numerous new species, most of which must be regarded as provisional until sufficient time has elapsed to note more carefully the limits of variation... Cupressaceae
THUJA. CUPRESSUS. JUNIPERUS. Leaf-buds not scaly; leaves evergreen and persistent for several years, opposite, verticillate, or sometimes scattered, scale-like, often needle-shaped in seedlings and sometimes upon the branches of older plants; flo... Dogwood Poison Sumac Poison Elder
=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist slopes of hills. Infrequent in Ontario. Maine,--local and apparently restricted to the southwestern sections; as far north as Chesterville (Franklin county); Vermont,--i... Drupaceae Plum Family
Trees or shrubs; bark exuding gum; bark, leaves, and especially seeds of several species abounding in prussic acid; leaves simple, alternate, mostly serrate; stipules small, soon falling; leafstalk often with one to several glands; flowers in umbe... Elm American Elm White Elm
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich intervales. From Cape Breton to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54 deg. 30'. Maine,--common, most abundant in central and southern portions; New Hampshire,--common from the ... European Alder
This is the common alder of Great Britain and central Europe southward, growing chiefly along water courses, in boggy grounds and upon moist mountain slopes; introduced into the United States and occasionally escaping from cultivation; sometimes tho... Fagaceae Beech Family
=Fagus ferruginea, Ait.= Fagus Americana, Sweet. Fagus atropunicea, Sudw. ... Fir Balsam Balsam Fir
=Habitat and Range.=--Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great Bear Lake region. Maine,--very generally distributed, ordinarily associated with white pine, ... Flowering Dogwood Boxwood
=Habitat and Range.=--Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly ridges. Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Maine,--Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New Hampshire,--along the Atlantic coast and very near the Connecticut river, rarely farther... Green Ash
River valleys and wet woods. Ontario to Saskatchewan. Maine,--common along the Penobscot river from Oldtown to Bangor; Vermont,--along Lake Champlain; Gardner's island, and the north end of South Hero; Rhode Island (Bailey); Connecticut,--... Hackberry Nettle Tree Hoop Ash Sugar Berry
=Habitat and Range.=--In divers situations and soils; woods, river banks, near salt marshes. Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occasional. Maine,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the Connecticut valley, as far as Wells... Hemlock
=Habitat and Range.=--Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines, mountain slopes. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario. Maine,--abundant, generally distributed in the southern and central portions, becoming rare ... Holly American Holly
=Habitat and Range.=--Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations in sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water. Maine,--reported on the authority of Gray's Manual, sixth edition, in various botanical works, but no station is k... Honey Locust Three-thorned Acacia
=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing in a variety of soils; rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains. Southern Ontario. Maine,--young trees in the southern sections said to have been produced from self-sown seed (M. L. Fer... Hop Hornbeam Ironwood Leverwood
=Habitat and Range.=--In rather open woods and along highlands. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior. Common in all parts of New England. Scattered throughout the whole country east of the Mississippi, ranging through western Minnesota... Hornbeam Blue Beech Ironwood Water Beech
=Habitat and Range.=--Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps. Province of Quebec to Georgian bay. Rather common throughout New England, less frequent towards the coast. South to Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian ... Juglandaceae Walnut Family
=Juglans cinerea, L.= ... Leguminosae Pulse Family
=Gleditsia triacanthos, L.= ... Locust
=Habitat and Range.=--In its native habitat growing upon mountain slopes, along the borders of forests, in rich soils. Naturalized from Nova Scotia to Ontario. Maine,--thoroughly at home, forming wooded banks along streams; New Hampshire,-... Magnoliaceae Magnolia Family
=Liriodendron Tulipifera, L.= TULIP TREE. WHITEWOOD. POPLAR. =Habitat and Range.=--Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil. Vermont,--valley of the Hoosac river in the southwestern corner of the state; Massachusetts,--frequent in the Connecticut ... Mazard Cherry
Introduced from England; occasionally spontaneous along fences and the borders of woodlands. As an escape, 25-50 feet high, with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet; head oblong or ovate; branches mostly ascending. Leaves ovate to obovate, more or less pub... Mockernut White-heart Hickory Walnut
Habitat and Range.--In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain slopes. Niagara peninsula and westward. Maine and Vermont,--not reported; New Hampshire,--sparingly along the coast; Massachusetts,--rather common eastward; Rhode Isla... Mountain Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains. Newfoundland to Manitoba. Maine,--common; New Hampshire,--common along the watersheds of the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on the slopes of the White mountains; Ve... Mountain Ash
=Habitat and Range.=--Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of rivers and ponds, often associated with P. Americana, but climbing higher up the mountains. From Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the Rocky mountains, then northward along the... Mountain Maple
=Habitat and Range.=--In damp forests, rocky highland woods, along the sides of mountain brooks at altitudes of 500-1000 feet. From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan. Maine,--common, especially northward in the forests; New Hamps... Mulberry
=Habitat and Range.=--Banks of rivers, rich woods. Canadian shore of Lake Erie. A rare tree in New England. Maine,--doubtfully reported; New Hampshire,--Pemigewasset valley, White mountains (Matthews); Vermont,--northern extremity of Lake ... Pear Tree
The common pear, introduced from Europe; a frequent escape from cultivation throughout New England and elsewhere; becomes scraggly and shrubby in a wild state. =Pyrus Malus, L.= Malus Malus, Britton. ... Persimmon
=Habitat and Range.=--Rhode Island,--occasional but doubtfully native; Connecticut,--at Lighthouse Point, New Haven, near the East Haven boundary line, there is a grove consisting of about one hundred twenty-five small trees not more than a hundred ... Pignut White Hickory
=Habitat and Range.=--Woods, dry hills, and uplands. Niagara peninsula and along Lake Erie. Maine,--frequent in the southern corner of York county; New Hampshire,--common toward the coast and along the lower Merrimac valley; abundant on hil... Pin Oak Swamp Oak Water Oak
=Habitat and Range.=--Low grounds, borders of forests, wet woods, river banks, islets in swamps. Ontario. Northern New England,--no station reported; Massachusetts,--Amherst (Stone, Bull. Torrey Club, IX, 57; J. E. Humphrey, Amherst Trees)... Pinoideae Pine Family Conifers
ABIETACEAE. CUPRESSACEAE. Trees or shrubs, resinous; leaves simple, mostly evergreen, relatively small, entire, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, linear, or scale-like; stipules none; flowers catkin-like; calyx none; corolla none; ovary represented by... Pinus
The leaves are of two kinds, primary and secondary; the primary are thin, deciduous scales, in the axils of which the secondary leaf-buds stand; the inner scales of those leaf-buds form a loose, deciduous sheath which encloses the secondary or fol... Pitch Pine Hard Pine
=Habitat and Range.=--Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in swamps. New Brunswick to Lake Ontario. Maine,--mostly in the southwestern section near the seacoast; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county (C. H. Knowlton, Rhod...